![]() Due to their high disposition for cancers of the breast, ovaries, pancreas, and prostate, the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes were identified as high risk for triple-negative. These are alterations within the heritable lineage that is being passed down to the offspring. One known risk factor for triple-negative breast cancer is germline mutations. Ī study in the US has shown that, among younger women, African American and Hispanic women have a higher risk of TNBC, with African Americans facing worse prognosis than other ethnic groups. ![]() Younger women have a higher rate of basal or BRCA related TNBC, while older women have a higher proportion of apocrine, normal-like and rare subtypes including neuroendocrine TNBC. The overall proportion of TNBC is very similar in all age groups. Triple-negative breast cancers have a relapse pattern that is very different from hormone-positive breast cancers where the risk of relapse is much higher for the first 3–5 years, but drops sharply and substantially below that of hormone-positive breast cancers afterwards. In later stages where surgery is not possible or the cancer has spread from the initial localised area, treatment is limited to chemotherapy and in some cases further targeted therapy. In its early stages, the cancer is typically treated through surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Hormone therapy that is used for other breast cancers does not work for TNBC. TNBC is the most challenging breast cancer type to treat. Triple-negative breast cancers comprise a very heterogeneous group of cancers. Triple-negative breast cancer comprises 15–20% of all breast cancer cases and affects more young women or women with a mutation in the BRCA1 gene than other breast cancers. Triple-negative is sometimes used as a surrogate term for basal-like. the tumor is negative on all three tests giving the name triple-negative). Triple-negative breast cancer ( TNBC) is any breast cancer that either lacks or shows low levels of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression and/or gene amplification (i.e. Type of breast cancer lacking certain gene expressions
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